ACS Nano. 2025 Nov 25;19(46):39589-39614. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.5c15238. Epub 2025 Nov 13.
ABSTRACT
Temporal interference (TI) electrical stimulation is promising for noninvasive neuromodulation with the potential advantages of deep brain targeting. This technique uses high-frequency electric fields applied transcranially, which intersects within the brain to generate a low-frequency modulation field. This intersection enables precise, noninvasive targeting of deep brain regions, addressing a major limitation of typical noninvasive neuromodulation methods, which often yield scattered effects and reduced precision in deep tissue. Recent advances in TI stimulation, supported by computational models and behavioral studies, have demonstrated efficacy in targeting the hippocampus and modulating neuronal activity without notably affecting cortical regions. Its noninvasive nature, coupled with high energy efficiency and precision, positions TI stimulation as a potential tool for activating deep brain regions crucial for behavior and cognition. This review explores the recent developments in TI stimulation, highlighting its mechanisms and pivotal role in precise, noninvasive neuromodulation. The potential of TI stimulation in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders is emphasized, setting the stage for future advances in neurotherapy.
PMID:41232023 | DOI:10.1021/acsnano.5c15238